This longitudinal study found that boys consume a more diverse diet than girls between 5 and 15 years and that the disparity between genders increases with age. Evidence from the Young Lives study in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana suggests that this custom starts in early life. Social norms also have an impact on how food is distributed within the household, with women usually eating after all other family members and often being left with smaller quantities and less variety of food. 44 Understanding how the beliefs about milk as a “taboo” food have changed and/or why the behavior of the Khasi tribe has changed may provide insight. It has been reported that milk was avoided by the Khasi tribe in the northeast of India until recent years when intakes started to increase.
Any approach would require “buy-in” from the community and their input in developing educational interventions for example.
42 Such beliefs are very much part of the culture and it is questionable whether and how they should be challenged. 43 Other suggestions are that they are developed in order to conserve resources. 42 The evolution of such taboos, which are generally not representative of Indian national dietary recommendations, is thought to be due to the group cohesion and sense of belonging that they bring. These beliefs have been documented and studied previously and are described as food taboos. Certain foods are considered to be “hot” or “cold” and to be avoided during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Religious and social norms were observed to have an impact on which foods can be eaten by women particularly during pregnancy and lactation. Half of the women were chronically energy deficient (body mass index <18.5 kg/m 2) and over 75% of nonpregnant and non-lactating women were anemic. 23 Intakes of virtually all micronutrient-rich foods have been reported to be below 20% of the recommended daily intake (RDI), for example, mean daily consumption of green leafy vegetables is less than 10 = g/d and fruit is 16 g/d compared with an RDI of 100 g/d for both food groups. 22 Dietary data from the villages around Wardha indicate that wheat, rice, and sorghum (millet) are the staple cereal foods. Fewer than 20% of households in rural Maharashtra have a refrigerator, 22 and approximately 30% of women in the state report that they never consumed meat, fish, or eggs. 21 The majority of the workforce is occupied within the agricultural industry. The climate in this area is hot and dry, and the agricultural land is mainly rain-fed and used for commercial crops including cotton and soybean. Our study was conducted in villages surrounding the city of Wardha in the state of Maharashtra. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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